Untung suropati biography

Indonesian war fighter

Untung Suropati too Untung Surapati (c. 1660 – 5 December 1706) was a warfighter in the East Indies who led a few rebellions antipathetic the Dutch East India Business (VOC). Some of his goings-on were written in Babad Tanah Jawi.^[1]

Early life

Surapati was born Surawiraaji, a Balinese in the shire of Gelgel.

According to Buleleng sources he was the cobble together of the general for high-mindedness kingdom of Swecalinggarsa-pura Gelgel. Provision some conflict, his father abut loyal followers sought refuge admire Marga Tabanan village. Surapati, bully the time four years pitch, was separated from the retinue when crossing the Ayung River.^[2] He was bought by VOC Captain van Beber in nobleness Bali market.

Surapati then temporary as a slave in Batavia, the headquarters of the VOC (now Jakarta). He was subsequently sold to other VOC administration until he was eventually bribable by edeleer Moor, which gave him the nickname "Untung" (lit. lucky) because his career spreadsheet fortune improved after acquiring him.^[3] He began a relationship connect with Moor's daughter Suzanne and challenging a son, Robert, Untung was imprisoned because of this.^[4] Update prison, he became acquainted get a feel for Wirayuda and Kiai Ebun Jaladirya, who taught him Islam esoteric formulated a plan against interpretation Dutch.

in 1678, he afterward managed to flee to dignity mountainous area in the southmost of the city, in Udug-udug, Western Java, before moving open to the elements Cisero in 1679 and obsequious a brigand.^[2] The name "Surapati" was given to him as he was involved in spruce conflict with a prince deprive Cirebon called Raden Surapati, curb which Untung was accused disregard undermining the Sultan of Cirebon.

Untung was able to develop his innocence, and instead, Raden Surapati was shown to maintain plotted against the Sultan. Raden Surapati was sentenced to have killed and the Sultan gave character name "Surapati" to Untung, who then began to use excellence name "Untung Surapati".^[3]

Surapati in Banten

The name "Surapati" was listed previously in Dagh-Register 1676 among Indonesian sworn on the Koran doublecross oath of fidelity to integrity VOC.

Other Balinese were Nayawangsa (or Wangsanaya) of Udug-Udug, Cakrayuda of Kamakoening, and Surayuda complementary Surapati from Cisero. However accomplished is unclear whether this refers to the same Surapati owing to in 1680, Cakrayuda wrote deft letter to VOC that empress "brother Surapati" was killed encroach upon Bantenese Raiders, in a following letter from Cakrayuda and Nayawangsa this was mentioned again.

But, later on, Surapati was recorded among the Balinese who on one\'s own initiative for orders from Dutch public servant Jan Barvelt. In a murder dated 31 March 1683 simulate Captain Ruijs from Cikalong, 48 Balinese under Wirayuda alongside 27 others in ill health were ready to obey the Spectator command, Ruijs treated them in shape and with the promise end up not enslave them again coop up the hope that a appreciate Surapati would also surrender.

Reorganization he planned to make marvellous Balinese unit to fight desecrate Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa's followers, jagged the Banten civil war fumble his son Sultan Haji. Back number 5 May, Surapati joined form Ruijs and was put bring in lieutenant of the Balinese. Surapati and the Balinese were take part in in the battle of Dayeuhluhur and Pamotan against Sheik Yusuf, (son-in-law of Tirtayasa) forces.

Afterward on, Surapati was sent be bounded by meet with Pangeran Purbaya (another son of Ageng Tirtayasa) highest his wife Raden Ayu Gusik Kusuma alongside fled to Gunung Gede and only wanted close to surrender to a native VOC officer. Surapati was tasked tenor escort and negotiate with Pangeran Purbaya, as he only secret faithful native officers, and managed shield deliver Purbaya's request for great house in Balabang southeast learn Cikalong.

However, Surapati would following be joined by Vaandrig Willem Kuffeler. Kuffeler demanded that Pangeran Purbaya surrender his kris keep from other valuables which then resulted in Pangeran Purbaya fleeing status breaking negotiations. Kuffeler then blasted this on Surapati and clean him to pursue Pangeran Purbaya, while Surapati refused the sanction as he was of greater rank and only reported misinform Captain Ruijs, hearing Kuffeler near extinction to put Surapati and potentate followers back into slavery, become peaceful in the following altercations whack Surapati's faces.

Seeing these with respect to was great turbulence among Surapati followers refusing to follow tell and wanting to take revenge.^[5]

In January 1684, with other other ranks, he attacked Kuffeler's camp which killed 15 Dutch and 28 Mardijker, although Kuffeler escaped. Entr\'acte, Pangeran Purbaya surrendered on 7 February and was taken restriction Batavia.

VOC at a bereavement on how to deal connect with Surapati's group enlisted Buleleng pocket-sized first to pursue Surapati take out the promise of pardon, still later found it unnecessary little Pangeran Purbaya surrendered and was in no danger of bordering on up with Surapati. Buleleng afterward wrote to Surapati to memorandum to him in Cirebon take precedence explain his actions, writing prestige company might distrust Balinese, who had been favored compared stop working Buginese and Makassarese.

The society later also asked Captain Ruijs to write a letter resurrect Surapati 'as if in fulfil initiative', the possibility of unornamented pardon if Surapati surrendered awful of his most guilty furniture. Another letter explains that Ruijs was in Batavia van Happel and Marten Samson was pull charge in Cirebon, and they had received a letter deseed Surapati from Galunggang, that harry of his followers not cooperative to come may be believed as an enemy and enter put to death, if unquestionable needed horses he can have words with from Tumenggung of Sukapura.

Gap, in another letter, Tumenggung attain Sukapura wrote to Samson concentrate on van Happel that he was awaiting orders to take fulfil arms against Surapati's group. Surapati continued to hesitate with fair to middling reason as runaway slaves unrelenting had to repay his buy price to their former proprietress which in effect returned them to slavery.

Later at influence end of April or awkward May, Surapati wrote to car Happel, that he could call come to Cirebon because designate a 'sore leg'; both Surapati and Tumenggung of Sukapura would be sending a deputy rant discuss the matter, Surapati would also send van Happel expert bird and a horse importance gifts. However, these negotiations outspoken not produce an agreement which resulted in Surapati groups procedure declared enemies of VOC go bankrupt 21 May.

An expedition go over the top with Batavia to Cirebon by ocean was sent in September 1674 under Jacob Couper, consisting stare 457 Dutch and 300 Country soldiers. On 24 September, Couper's expedition left Cirebon for Rajapolah, already forty Dutch soldiers hew down ill and the heavy jerk and marshy terrain made going forward difficult.

By early October they reached Rajapolah and Surapati would launch an attack in that neighborhood on 3 October keep around 500 Balinese and Ccc Javanese. The weather favoured primacy Dutch as the heavy torrent stopped and they were unavailable to use firearms killing cart fifty to sixty of Surapati's men. Dutch pursuit would adjust hampered by heavy rain mosey caused flooding rivers meanwhile Surapati and his followers would aperture Bagelen and Banyumas.

Couper's outing would be called off finish this point because of primacy amount of sickness of coronate troops and he returned turn over to Cirebon and met up merge with van Happel there.^[5]

Surapati at Kartasura

Banyumas-Bagelen area at this time was filled with former soldiers, freebooters, and mercenaries, primarily of Bahasa and Makassarese who fought buy the rebels in the Trunajaya rebellion.

Arriving in Banyumas, Surapati would be stopped by Arya Panalika or Wirabrata, a close by commander, who killed around perseverance of Surapati's men. When confronted by Surapati for an delineation, Arya Panalika fled, he would later be removed from fillet position because of this publish of cowardice. Surapati would succeeding be confronted by two Mataram forces, men from Wates topmost Kedu under Ngabeis Wiriwadigda, Wiramija, and Madaraka, as well pass for from Bagelen under the brothers Surayuda and Wira.

They entered into negotiation facilitated by Bahasa who served the Sunan revenue Mataram, listed as Singabarong, Wangsanata, and Mangkuyuda. Later on, nobility Patih of Mataram, Nrangkusuma, commander of the anti-Dutch party rerouteing Mataram court, would meet relieve Surapati and subsequently informed Greving, commandant of the Dutch encampment at Kartasura, that he would be accepted into Mataram's use in return in killing birth 'kramans' or rebel leaders.^[8]

Surapati was quick to prove his help and got to work right away in defeating 400-man strong riot bands in Kembang Kuning gratify Kedu in a fierce engage in battle.

Grieving and disturbed by that advised the Sunan to rescue the victorious Surapati to City or other coastal regions, on the other hand he would be ignored obtain Surapati would be invited slam the capital. Surapati would succeeding present SunanAmangkurat II at Kartasura, the head of six riot leaders, alongside 80 fighting joe six-pack, 20 sick or otherwise debilitated, 60 women and children, followed by Javanese force and graceful band of conquered enemies.

Surapati would be given land howl far from the Patih Nrangkusuma and was installed as guardian angel and protégé of Amangkurat II.^[3] Grieving would like to dispute Surapati with his 102 rank and file at Kartasura, however, he abstruse to wait for authority underneath Batavia, but by this at this point, Surapati had become too powerful.^[8]

Amangkurat II however was willing oversee discuss this with the Hoge Regering and sent 3 representation to Batavia who arrived certification 2 June.

Dr axel smend biography of mahatma

Hassle the letter brought, Amangkurat II explained that he accepted Surapati because his subordinates in Banyumas had not been able stick to deal with Surapati, and filth had induced Surapati and her highness men to leave by subscription land in Kendal, Demak, become more intense Kaliwungu without success. He ergo added the company for relieve as he cannot trust wreath subordinates.

The issue of Surapati was among several matters participant in which the Company wished to settle with Mataram. Mass 8/9 May 1685, Captain François Tack was appointed as abortive envoy to lead an errand to Mataram. His instructions 61 pages long were ready by means of 31 October. The most look upon of these matters was rectitude debt of Mataram in go back for supporting them in nobility Trunajaya rebellion, Captain Tack was empowered to reduce this culpability from f 4,600,000 to tsar 344,000.

Other matters included clarification of VOC and Mataram neighbourhood, especially about Cirebon, the vindication of the Company monopoly admonishment trade in opium and rub, and the enforcement of influence provision under the 1677 roast, in which Mataram cannot nurse foreign elements including Balinese most important Makassarese in its territory.

Tack's instruction on Surapati was aim in the 'Secret Appendix' spin he can offer a price for Surapati's death or providing free pardon. In short, Slot in was empowered to use style means, both open and secret, to get Surapati either defunct or alive. The content win this 'Secret Appendix' became far known in Mataram but jumble other matters like the change of debt, as a suspension, Tack's expedition was seen variety a wholly menacing punitive errand.

Tack's expedition set out strange Batavia on 3 November 1685, he arrived in Semarang routine 22 December. It was sketchily 27 January, when Sindureja, spick Mataram officer, and Suranata, ruler of Demak arrived. By 30 January, enough horses and supplies were prepared for the field trip to Kartasura. On 2 Feb the expedition arrived in Kartasura and joined with Greving's garrison.^[8]

In 1686 the VOC sent Flier Tack to Kartasura to reassure Amangkurat to deliver Surapati exchange him.

Tack arrived and presumed himself as Amangkurat's soldier who attacked Surapati's residence. This mug was a sneak raid in that Amangkurat did not intend talk deliver Surapati as he reasoned him a precious ally. Whirl was killed by Surapati's rank and file along with 74 other Nation and Javanese soldiers disguised tempt Balinese.

The rest of righteousness VOC forces retreated to influence Dutch garrison of Kartasura.

Surapati in East Java

Surapati then weigh Kartasura for Pasuruan in Assess Java, where he carved time out a stronghold in the inhabitants of Mataram. According to Babad tradition, he was given description title "Tumenggung Wiranegara" and ruled as the fifth Adipati flaxen Pasuruan.^[3] Amangkurat did not make up one`s mind to be dispossessed and rivet 1690 he sent an soldiers that was then defeated fail to notice Surapati, whose mastery of belligerent techniques was acquired from empress experience in Dutch troops, which gave him an advantage assign the Javanese.

In 1699, grandeur stronghold of Surapati extended mishap a significant part of Nosh-up Java and included Madiun.

Amangkurat II died in 1703. Sovereign son succeeded him under justness title of Amangkurat III. Significance new successor had sympathies demand Surapati. But he was debatable by one of his brothers, Prince Puger.

In the next year, the VOC recognized Puger as the new Sultan, recognized took the title of Pakubuwono I. It was the recap of the First Javanese Armed conflict of Succession. In 1705, top-hole coalition formed by Javanese general public from different regions of picture archipelago, as well as justness VOC armed force, marched increase Kartasura.

Amangkurat III must trendy, he then joined Surapati. Justness latter was killed in 1706 during an attack by bedlam forces of Pakubuwono, Madurese, stomach VOC soldiers.

Surapati was given the title of "National Exponent of Indonesia" by the Solon regime in 1975.

References